Realtime

Postgres Changes

Listen to Postgres changes using Supabase Realtime.

Let's explore how to use Realtime's Postgres Changes feature to listen to database events.

Quick start

In this example we'll set up a database table, secure it with Row Level Security, and subscribe to all changes using the Supabase client libraries.

1

Set up a Supabase project with a 'todos' table

Create a new project in the Supabase Dashboard.

After your project is ready, create a table in your Supabase database. You can do this with either the Table interface or the SQL Editor.


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-- Create a table called "todos"
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-- with a column to store tasks.
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create table todos (
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id serial primary key,
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task text
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);

2

Allow anonymous access

In this example we'll turn on Row Level Security for this table and allow anonymous access. In production, be sure to secure your application with the appropriate permissions.


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-- Turn on security
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alter table "todos"
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enable row level security;
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-- Allow anonymous access
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create policy "Allow anonymous access"
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on todos
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for select
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to anon
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using (true);

3

Enable Postgres replication

Go to your project's Publications settings, and under supabase_realtime, toggle on the tables you want to listen to.

4

Install the client

Install the Supabase JavaScript client.


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npm install @supabase/supabase-js

5

Create the client

This client will be used to listen to Postgres changes.


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import { createClient } from '@supabase/supabase-js'
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const supabase = createClient(
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'https://<project>.supabase.co',
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'<your-anon-key>'
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)

6

Listen to changes by schema

Listen to changes on all tables in the public schema by setting the schema property to 'public' and event name to *. The event name can be one of:

  • INSERT
  • UPDATE
  • DELETE
  • *

The channel name can be any string except 'realtime'.


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const channelA = supabase
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.channel('schema-db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: '*',
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schema: 'public',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

7

Insert dummy data

Now we can add some data to our table which will trigger the channelA event handler.


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insert into todos (task)
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values
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('Change!');

Usage

You can use the Supabase client libraries to subscribe to database changes.

Listening to specific schemas

Subscribe to specific schema events using the schema parameter:


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const changes = supabase
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.channel('schema-db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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schema: 'public', // Subscribes to the "public" schema in Postgres
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event: '*', // Listen to all changes
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

The channel name can be any string except 'realtime'.

Listening to INSERT events

Use the event parameter to listen only to database INSERTs:


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const changes = supabase
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.channel('schema-db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT', // Listen only to INSERTs
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schema: 'public',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

The channel name can be any string except 'realtime'.

Listening to UPDATE events

Use the event parameter to listen only to database UPDATEs:


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const changes = supabase
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.channel('schema-db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'UPDATE', // Listen only to UPDATEs
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schema: 'public',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

The channel name can be any string except 'realtime'.

Listening to DELETE events

Use the event parameter to listen only to database DELETEs:


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const changes = supabase
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.channel('schema-db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'DELETE', // Listen only to DELETEs
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schema: 'public',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

The channel name can be any string except 'realtime'.

Listening to specific tables

Subscribe to specific table events using the table parameter:


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const changes = supabase
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.channel('table-db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: '*',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'todos',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

The channel name can be any string except 'realtime'.

Listening to multiple changes

To listen to different events and schema/tables/filters combinations with the same channel:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: '*',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'messages',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'users',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

Filtering for specific changes

Use the filter parameter for granular changes:


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const changes = supabase
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.channel('table-filter-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'todos',
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filter: 'id=eq.1',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

Available filters

Realtime offers filters so you can specify the data your client receives at a more granular level.

Equal to (eq)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table equals a client-specified value:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'UPDATE',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'messages',
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filter: 'body=eq.hey',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres's = filter.

Not equal to (neq)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table does not equal a client-specified value:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'messages',
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filter: 'body=neq.bye',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres's != filter.

Less than (lt)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table is less than a client-specified value:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'profiles',
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filter: 'age=lt.65',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres's < filter, so it works for non-numeric types. Make sure to check the expected behavior of the compared data's type.

Less than or equal to (lte)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table is less than or equal to a client-specified value:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'UPDATE',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'profiles',
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filter: 'age=lte.65',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres' <= filter, so it works for non-numeric types. Make sure to check the expected behavior of the compared data's type.

Greater than (gt)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table is greater than a client-specified value:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'products',
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filter: 'quantity=gt.10',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres's > filter, so it works for non-numeric types. Make sure to check the expected behavior of the compared data's type.

Greater than or equal to (gte)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table is greater than or equal to a client-specified value:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'products',
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filter: 'quantity=gte.10',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres's >= filter, so it works for non-numeric types. Make sure to check the expected behavior of the compared data's type.

Contained in list (in)

To listen to changes when a column's value in a table equals any client-specified values:


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const channel = supabase
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.channel('changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: 'INSERT',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'colors',
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filter: 'name=in.(red, blue, yellow)',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

This filter uses Postgres's = ANY. Realtime allows a maximum of 100 values for this filter.

Receiving old records

By default, only new record changes are sent but if you want to receive the old record (previous values) whenever you UPDATE or DELETE a record, you can set the replica identity of your table to full:


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alter table
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messages replica identity full;

Private schemas

Postgres Changes works out of the box for tables in the public schema. You can listen to tables in your private schemas by granting table SELECT permissions to the database role found in your access token. You can run a query similar to the following:


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grant select on "non_private_schema"."some_table" to authenticated;

Custom tokens

You may choose to sign your own tokens to customize claims that can be checked in your RLS policies.

Your project JWT secret is found with your Project API keys in your dashboard.

To use your own JWT with Realtime make sure to set the token after instantiating the Supabase client and before connecting to a Channel.


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const { createClient } = require('@supabase/supabase-js')
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const supabase = createClient(process.env.SUPABASE_URL, process.env.SUPABASE_KEY, {})
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// Set your custom JWT here
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supabase.realtime.setAuth('your-custom-jwt')
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const channel = supabase
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.channel('db-changes')
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.on(
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'postgres_changes',
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{
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event: '*',
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schema: 'public',
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table: 'messages',
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filter: 'body=eq.bye',
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},
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(payload) => console.log(payload)
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)
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.subscribe()

Refreshed tokens

You will need to refresh tokens on your own, but once generated, you can pass them to Realtime.

For example, if you're using the supabase-js v2 client then you can pass your token like this:


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// Client setup
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supabase.realtime.setAuth('fresh-token')

Limitations

Delete events are not filterable

You can't filter Delete events when tracking Postgres Changes. This limitation is due to the way changes are pulled from Postgres.

Spaces in table names

Realtime currently does not work when table names contain spaces.

Database instance and realtime performance

Realtime systems usually require forethought because of their scaling dynamics. For the Postgres Changes feature, every change event must be checked to see if the subscribed user has access. For instance, if you have 100 users subscribed to a table where you make a single insert, it will then trigger 100 "reads": one for each user.

There can be a database bottleneck which limits message throughput. If your database cannot authorize the changes rapidly enough, the changes will be delayed until you receive a timeout.

Database changes are processed on a single thread to maintain the change order. That means compute upgrades don't have a large effect on the performance of Postgres change subscriptions. You can estimate the expected maximum throughput for your database below.

If you are using Postgres Changes at scale, you should consider using separate "public" table without RLS and filters. Alternatively, you can use Realtime server-side only and then re-stream the changes to your clients using a Realtime Broadcast.

Enter your database settings to estimate the maximum throughput for your instance:

Set your expected parameters

Current maximum possible throughput

Total DB changes /secMax messages per client /secMax total messages /secLatency p95
646432,000238ms

Don't forget to run your own benchmarks to make sure that the performance is acceptable for your use case.

We are making many improvements to Realtime's Postgres Changes. If you are uncertain about the performance of your use case, please reach out using Support Form and we will be happy to help you. We have a team of engineers that can advise you on the best solution for your use-case.